Jehovah’s Witnesses

There are different Christian factions that strayed from the Roman Catholic religion. One of them is the association of Jehovah's Witnesses. The association was officially settled around 1870's in Allegheny, Pennsylvania (Watchtower, 1984, p. 203). â€Å"At first they were referred to just as Bible Students, however in 1931 they embraced the Scriptural name Jehovah's Witnesses†¦ Their convictions are†¦ a reclamation of first-century Christianity† (Watchtower, 1984, p. 203). Jehovah's Witnesses base their convictions in agreement to the New World Translation book of scriptures. Along these lines, they cease from celebrating well known, agnostic practices such birthday festivities and occasions. They likewise stay unbiased in government issues and keep away from blood transfusion. Witnesses don't participate in agnostic merriments and exercises that people have chosen for themselves. This is on the grounds that they solidly accept that it repudiates book of scriptures standards and lessons. They additionally want to have an everlasting life and live under God's realm. So as to do this they need to disassociate from whatever isn't according to the holy book. Furthermore, Witnesses' idea of soul, damnation and submersion are additionally gotten from the good book. Witnesses inundate themselves in strict exercises, for example, ordinary book of scriptures study, distribution study, and participation gatherings to acquire information about Jehovah. This empowers them to successfully vindicate his name, which they do by effectively taking part in administration otherwise called entryway to entryway lecturing. Witnesses have completely explored the source of birthday celebrations. In their distribution, Reasoning from the Scriptures, it expresses that [t]he different traditions with which individuals today commend their birthday events have a long history. Their birthplaces lie in the domain of enchantment and religion. The traditions of offering congrats, introducing presents and celebrating-total with lit candles-in antiquated occasions were intended to shield the birthday celebrant from the evil spirits and to guarantee his security for the coming year†¦ (Schwabische Zeitung [German magazine] refered to in Watchtower, 1989, p. 69). Likewise, [t]he custom of lit candles on the cakes began with the Greeks†¦ Birthday candles, in people conviction, are endowned with extraordinary enchantment for giving wishes†¦. Birthday welcome have the force for good or sick since one is nearer to the soul world on this day (The Lore of Birthdays refered to in Watchtower, 1989, p. 69-70). What's more, occasions, for example, Christmas, New Year and Easter additionally originate from agnostic conventions. Christmas was determined to December 25 since it correspond[s] to agnostic celebrations that occurred around the hour of the winter solstice, †¦ to praise the resurrection of the sun†¦ The Roman Saturnalia (a celebration committed to Saturn, the divine force of horticulture, and to the restored intensity of the sun), additionally occurred at this time†¦ Encyclopedia Americana refered to in Watchtower, 1989, p. 176). Likewise, â€Å" ‘[d]uring the Saturnalia†¦ devouring won, and endowments were traded. ‘† (Encyclopedia Americana refered to in Watchtower, 1989, p. 178). In addition, the early Christians believed the festival of anybody's introduction to the world to be an agnostic custom†¦. [This is because] [b]irthday festivities were held to pay tribute to agnostic gods. For instance, on May 24 Romans praised the birthday of the goddess Diana. On the next day, they watched the birthday of their sun-god, Apollo. Thus, birthday festivities were related with agnosticism, not with Christianity (The World Book Encyclopedia refered to in Watchtower, 2005, p. 157). This doesn't imply that Witnesses don't take part in blessing giving. Witnesses offer presents to others however they simply practice this consistently, when it isn't normal, rather than only several events in a year, for example, Christmas and birthday celebrations. To place it in accordance with the sacred writings, 2 Corinthians 9:7 states â€Å"Let every one do similarly as he has settled in his heart, not hesitantly or under impulse, for God adores a lively giver† (New World Bible, 1984, p. 447). Consequently, events, for example, Christmas and birthday events powers an individual to get something for another individual despite the fact that they may not have any desire to. By and large, individuals are relied upon to do this on the grounds that the event anticipates that them should do as such. Moreover, New Year was built up by Julius Caesar on January 1 of every 46 B. C. to commit a day to the Roman god Janus-god of entryways, entryways, and beginnings (The World Book Encyclopedia refered to in Watchtower, 1989, p. 180). In addition, the eggs related with Easter â€Å"is the insignia of the sprouting life of early spring†¦ The bunny is an agnostic image and has consistently been a symbol of fertility† (Watchtower, 1989, p. 179). Easter in certainty â€Å"bears its Chaldean beginning on its very temple. Easter is nothing else than Astarte†¦ the sovereign of heaven†¦ [also] the colored eggs of†¦ Easter Sunday, figured in the Chaldean ceremonies similarly as they do now† (The Catholic Encyclopedia refered to in Watchtower, 1989, p. 180). To put it plainly, Witnesses don't approve cheerful creation, social occasion of relatives and dear companions and even blessing giving. The main thing that they have an issue with is concerning the starting point of birthday events and occasions. To stretch the significance of the way that causes do make a difference, [s]uppose you saw a bit of treats lying in the drain. OK get that treats and eat it? Obviously not! That candy is messy. Like that treats, occasions may appear to be sweet, yet they have been gotten from messy spots (Watchtower, 2005, p. 159). Another issue that Witnesses don't take part in is political issues and anything that is identified with it, for example, saluting the banner, singing the national song of praise and being enrolled in military help. Witnesses accentuate the sacred text in John 18:36 to help this conviction. John 18:36 states what Jesus said when he was being investigated before the Roman ruler Pilate, â€Å" ‘My realm is no piece of this world, [because on the off chance that it is] my chaperons would have battled that I ought not be conveyed up to the Jews. But†¦ my realm isn't from this source† (New World Bible, 1984, p. 1356). This unmistakably shows natural realms of any administration substance don't merit most extreme dedication since they won't have the option to give interminable salvation (N. Sarmiento, 2008). What's more, Witnesses keep away from blood transfusion at any expense. Swearing off blood is expressed in Acts 15:28, 29 The Essence of God and we ourselves [the administering body of the Christian congregation] have supported adding no further weight to you, with the exception of these vital things, to shield from going without things yielded to symbols and from blood and from things choked and from sex. On the off chance that you cautiously keep yourselves from these things, you will prosper†¦ (New World Bible, 1984, p. 1383). Notice that blood is in a similar classification as worshipful admiration and sex. Hence, [i]n God's eyes, our doing that [abstaining from blood] is as significant as our keeping away from worshipful admiration and sexual immorality†¦ w]e are shrewd, at that point, to place our trust in the rightness of God's law†¦ [Witnesses] are certain that the Creator of blood realizes what is best for them† (Watchtower, 2005, p. 130-131). Therefore, the gravity of the issue is viewed as an intense offense once it is submitted. Also, the main appropriate utilization of blood is to make amends for one's transgressions. Leviticus 17:11 states, â€Å"For the spirit of the substance is in the blood, and I myself have put it upon the special stepped area for you to make compensation for your spirits, since the blood makes atonement†¦ † (New World Bible, 1984, p. 159). Thus, Israelites used to forfeit creature blood to give penance for their transgressions. In prior occasions, individuals have avoided eating creature's blood. Considering this is the situation, what amount all the more so should individuals stay away from human blood? â€Å"Minicius Felix (third century C. E. ) [says that]: ‘So much do we shrivel from human blood, that we don't utilize the blood even of edible creatures in our food. ‘† (Watchtower, 1989, p. 72). Accordingly, Witnesses reason that In a medical clinic, when a patient can't eat through his mouth, he is taken care of intravenously. Presently, would an individual who never put blood into his mouth however who acknowledged blood by transfusion truly be complying with the order to ‘keep going without from†¦ blood'? Acts 15:29) To utilize an examination, consider a man who is told by the specialist that he should swear off liquor. Would he be submissive on the off chance that he stopped drinking liquor yet had it put legitimately into his vein? (Watchtower, 1989, p. 73). Witnesses a dhere to their feelings since they follow what the good book says. Subsequently, they regard that â€Å"beliefs and practices of genuine religion are not founded on human perspectives and custom. They begin in God's propelled Word, the Bible† (Watchtower, 2005, p. 146). Additionally, by watching God’s word they realize that they will increase everlasting life and will be there to be separated of God’s Kingdom. This is an engaging idea to them in light of the fact that in God’s Kingdom â€Å"humans will no longer become ill and die†¦ under Kingdom rule they will have the option to live for eternity. The earth will be made into paradise† (Watchtower, 2005, p. 84). Similarly significant is that Witnesses don't keep well known ideas about the spirit. In light of exploration, Witnesses discovered that the soul’s â€Å"immortality† began with the â€Å"Babylonians [who] accepted that people have an undying soul that endures the body after death and can endure in a position of torment† (Watchtower, 2005, p. 52). With respect to the idea of heck, sacred texts, for example, the one in Ezekiel 18:4 notices that â€Å"†¦The soul that is erring it itself will die† (New World Bible, 1984, p. 1079). Romans 6: 23 additionally states â€Å"The compensation sin pays is death†¦ † (New World Bible, 1984, p. 1411). What's more, 1 Thessalonian 1:8 -9 says â€Å"those who don't comply with the uplifting news about ou

Coordinated management of meaning

Question: Examine about theBusiness Law for Fashion Management. Answer: Which means of Androgyny: Hermaphrodism is the word which is inferred by joining two words, and these two words are begun in Greek. One of these Greek word implies male and other word implies female. Subsequent to joining these words, Androgyny is characterized as a circumstance where there is no lucidity on the sexual orientation of the individual. This can be Discussed in Both Contexts that are Website and Academic Research: Site contains Article, blog, Magazine, Wikipedia. First we talk about the points of interest and inconveniences of sites and after that a few models are expressed. Bit of leeway of site there are number of preferences of looking through the data on sites, and as expressed above it is extremely straightforward the importance of the term Androgyny, and it is exceptionally advantageous to discover the appropriate responses according to our necessities. 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These pictures and articles are altered by design writers and these sources are solid since notoriety and manageability of magazines are relies upon it. Scholarly Research-it Includes Databases. Bit of leeway Academic research is directed through book or article, and it is composed by either educator or understudy which is additionally upheld by confirmations. In this way, it is anything but difficult to depend on scholastic research. This examination is proficient in nature and directed by individual having information, and this is the main explanation which decreases the odds of wrong data in it. Disservice many time individuals don't need profound research identified with the theme they simply need essential information identified with the subject, and on the off chance that they pick this wellspring of data it devours part of time in understanding it. Scholarly sources are smidgen befuddling and it make turmoil by giving various perspectives on same theme. Various perspectives on same subject not just make disarray in the psyche of peruser yet in addition negate perspectives on different researchers. Database EBSCO While looking through bisexuality on this source I discovered number of research identified with this idea which encourages me a ton recorded as a hard copy this scholastic article, however it likewise expends parcel of time while looking through the data identified with this subject on it. End: Finally we reason that both the sources have their own focal points and weaknesses, and there is no set in stone on these sources. Fundamentally, it is totally rely upon the prerequisite of person who are scanning for the data. In the event that individual needs profound information on the point then he can settle on scholastic research and can understand books and expositions for data. Then again, in the event that individual require just essential information on the point, at that point he ought to go for site, for example, articles and other real destinations. In any case, the facts confirm that scholarly research is increasingly dependable approach to lead investigate however legitimate site region additionally the better choice on which we can depend.

Follow the attachment and answer each question in it Essay

Follow the connection and answer each question in it - Essay Example The strict picture was a high goals photo taken from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention site. The factorial structure type permitted the autonomous factors to be controlled between four unique gatherings of school matured grown-ups at a state funded college inside the United States. The reasons for this exploration were to propel information on structure components which further improve the viability and impact of printed instruction materials. The examination theory was that the inspirational power of printed training materials would be expanded through reliably relegating office to the infection; implying that human inactivity would cause perusers to consider the infection a predator searching out potential targets. It was conjectured this would increase the wellbeing danger of the infection and saw weakness to the danger. So as to accomplish a significant level of exploratory control in this examination study members were relegated to one of four conditions and in each condition members got a solitary page of printed training material that was connected. The single page truth sheet was appropriated alongside a survey. The meaningfulness levels of the human and influenza office adaptations were determined utilizing five distinct equations from an online score apparatus and the normal evaluation levels for comprehensibility were 8.2 and 8.6 guaranteeing that intelligibility was comparable over the gatherings. Thirteen semantic differential things were utilized to decide the members view of the validity of the reality sheets. A memory based control check was fused with five inquiries concerning what the members had perused explicitly as a record of the members affectability to the etymological language control. Seven Likert type things evaluated members impression of their vulnerability to the infection, H1N1 and their view of the immunization; their full of feeling

Free Essays on Window

The Window As I approach the window to my front room, I can feel the breeze from the warm air going through the house. The window ornaments blow irately around, hitting the dance floor with each other in what is by all accounts some antiquated base custom. Before I even look outside, I would already be able to hear the world speeding by outside. I peer out the window; the air conveys with it an unmistakable smell. Fumes from the vehicles that fly riotously around, all the individuals strolling in the city. The smell of the ocean breeze, and the energetic salty water that hefts the various scents around like a pony and carriage. Many aromas that all met up to frame one of a kind sensation. Indeed, even a man without sight could see the image of the city shaped by the melody of aroma’s. Looking downward on the city, one can nearly feel hurried by the sorted out disarray beneath. Individuals all rushing starting with one spot then onto the next, bundled together strolling in imperceptible lines like a group of sheep. Cautious not to encroach on others space, the lines of individuals twist and move. Clearing their path through the labyrinth of the city, never halting to talk, or take in their environmental factors. Looking irritated when they should hold on to go across the road, checking their watches considering each second in the event that it were there last. Everybody appearing to be in such a rush to get where they are going, and significantly to a greater extent a rush to leave once they arrive. The lanes, loaded up with all the vehicles and transports. Every one with its own sound, blares and thunders, fires up and putters. Moving with such reason, following an unwritten hierarchy. Transports are the lords of the street. Like an elephant, so large and amazing, moving all other littler animals out of its way. Never halting to stress over the littler things out and about, it is the ace of the mechanical world. The Taxi’s and their rush of yellow, gathering like a pack of lions chasing with so much accuracy as they zigzag all around traffic. At that point the... Free Essays on Window Free Essays on Window The Window As I approach the window to my parlor, I can feel the breeze from the warm air going through the house. The draperies blow angrily around, hitting the dance floor with each other in what is by all accounts some antiquated basic ceremony. Before I even look outside, I would already be able to hear the world speeding by outside. I peer out the window; the air conveys with it a particular smell. Fumes from the vehicles that fly turbulently around, all the individuals strolling in the city. The smell of the ocean breeze, and the energetic salty water that hauls the various scents around like a pony and carriage. Many aromas that all met up to frame one of a kind sensation. Indeed, even a man without sight could see the image of the city shaped by the tune of aroma’s. Looking downward on the city, one can nearly feel surged by the composed disarray beneath. Individuals all rushing starting with one spot then onto the next, bundled together strolling in imperceptible lines like a crowd of sheep. Cautious not to encroach on others space, the lines of individuals curve and move. Clearing their path through the labyrinth of the city, never halting to talk, or take in their environmental factors. Looking irritated when they should stand by to go across the road, checking their watches considering each second in the event that it were there last. Everybody appearing to be in such a rush to get where they are going, and much all the more a rush to leave once they arrive. The avenues, loaded up with all the vehicles and transports. Every one with its own sound, blares and thunders, fires up and putters. Moving with such reason, following an unwritten hierarchy. Transports are the rulers of the street. Like an elephant, so large and ground-breaking, moving all other littler animals out of its way. Never halting to stress over the littler things out and about, it is the ace of the mechanical world. The Taxi’s and their influx of yellow, gathering like a pack of lions chasing with so much accuracy as they zigzag all around traffic. At that point the...

IDENTITY THEFT essays

Fraud articles With the open rise and overall blast of the web, Identity robbery has gotten one of the most quickly expanding violations. What was previously an individual wrongdoing expecting lawbreakers to have some type of contact with the person in question, if simply scavenging through the junk, should now be possible from as close as nearby or as distant as over the world. Nobody is absolved from the likelihood that they could be a casualty. Data fraud has progressed so quickly that administration and law authorization offices have not had the option to stay aware of new lawmaking body. Numerous states despite everything don't see Identity burglary as a wrongdoing. The casualty needs to demonstrate misrepresentation exists. The legal framework that at present exists in this nation expresses that any one blamed for a wrongdoing is honest until demonstrated blameworthy. This isn't the situation with Identity robbery. These individuals are viewed as blameworthy until such time as they can demons trate their honesty. One of the issues experienced in the progressing fight against Identity burglary is that as of now no standard definition right now exists. Character is characterized by Merriam Webster on-line as the distinctive character or character of an individual recognizable proof; the state of being the equivalent with something depicted or affirmed. ie set up the personality of taken products. Meriam Webster on-line likewise characterizes Theft as: the demonstration of taking; explicitly : the felonious taking and evacuating of individual property with expectation to deny its legitimate proprietor. The best clarification of Identity robbery was by one site which characterizes it as: Data fraud includes getting key bits of somebody's recognizing data so as to imitate them and carry out different violations in that individual's name. Other than essential data like name, address and phone number, character hoodlums search for social protection numbers, driver's permit numbers, charge card or potentially financial balance numbers, just as bank cards, phone c... <! Data fraud papers Step by step instructions to Prevent Identity Theft and Credit Fraud Clients might be in a situation to forestall potential fraud by intently guarding their own information. For instance, never give out your Social Security number via telephone except if you know the organization you are managing and have started the call. So also, if your moms original last name isn't probably going to be a safe secret word, consider transforming it to something somewhat more hard for a hoodlum to acquire. Additionally, convey just the cards you are really going to utilize, and leave official records like Social Security cards, identifications and birth authentications at home or in a wellbeing store box. Shred your significant papers. Don't simply toss them out or tear them into pieces. Destroying is the most ideal approach to keep dumpster jumpers from acquiring Visa offers, receipts and other individual data from your junk. Quit. Credit announcing organizations make billions of dollars every year by offering your data to charge card organizations. You can have your name expelled from the rundowns by calling (888) 5-OPT-OUT, or mail Frank's pre-composed letter to the credit offices. Compose letters to the organizations you manage asking that they don't share, exchange, or sell your own data. Your own data changes hands all the more regularly now that the Glass-Steagall Act has been canceled. Get your credit report from every one of the three credit revealing offices in any event two times per year. You may get fake movement before you get a call from banks. In case you're as of now a survivor of extortion, you can get the report for nothing, in any case the report costs close to $8.25. To discover more, read BRM-101: How to get a credit report. Ensure your Social Security number. Try not to have the number imprinted on your checks. Additionally, don't change your Social Security number if your character has been taken. You'll lose the credit you've developed, and it look... <!

All Your Questions About Columbia Business School †Answered!

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What Everybody Else Does When It Comes to Customresearchpapers Essay and What You Need to Be Doing Different

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Street Arts Street Art - 1940 Words

The world is being swept up in a new artistic frenzy that brings color and culture to the streets of cities. It goes by many names, such as guerilla art, urban art, or neo-graffiti, but it is ultimately known as street art. Street art is now becoming a very prominent way for artists to show their opinions of the world and politics, and also gives the artist a public place to show their talent. It may not be a very old form of art, but art of its kind is beginning to be recognized around the world. There is a very large debate about whether certain kinds of street art may be considered vandalism and graffiti, or artistic and decorative. Regardless, street art is the voice of a generation that depicts many of the different life styles of the†¦show more content†¦During the graffiti boom in the 1960’s and 1970’s, New York became a central hub for urban art. Many teenagers used this form of art to express their emotions about their society. The movement then peaked in the 1980’s when the quickly painted tags soon became thought out projects. Instead of free-handing the project, people began to use stencils to create sharper and cleaner looking pictures. These were critical turning points where the art soon became a battle for a meaning and started a movement. At the time, the art was extremely controversial. Most of the pieces that were created were considered illegal and vandalism. The creation of street art simply came from the destruction of property. Consequently, because street art was considered a new art and vandalism, artists struggled to show their work to the world. Without social media to broadcast their work throughout the internet, their work stayed on the walls where they were made because no one wanted to document it. Thankfully, there were a select few photographers that decided that they would devote their career to documenting the progression and art of street artist. One photographer that has been photographing stre et art and culture for over 40 years, is Martha Cooper. Her work aided in bringing fame to the street art culture and eventually brought her fame. With her photography, street art began to make an impression on the art world because the photographerShow MoreRelatedStreet Art : Street Artist1044 Words   |  5 Pagesgood. Street art is a topic that falls under one of those situations. Many people associate street art with gangs, vandalism, violence, and other controversial topics. Being realistic, it is understandable why society may have this opinion of street art, but it also serves many other significant purposes. Street art can be used as a medium to voice political and social opinions of a community, and also spread awareness. Banksy, an anonymous street artist, is one of the most controversial street artistRead MoreStreet Art Vs. Art789 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is Street Art? 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Video projection, yarn bombing and Lock On sculpture became popularized at the turn of the 21stRead MoreThe Identity And Street Art5052 Word s   |  21 PagesIdentity and Street Art Michaila Forte â€Å"An empty wall is an empty population† – Anonymous Abstract Street art emphasizes communal engagement, public activism, and awareness all while being an integrated part of a city. Social media is one of the most important tools to connect people in our lives, especially in today’s youth culture. Our group is interested in investigating the relationship between identity and media. We are approaching this question in three main ways: street art, gentrificationRead MoreStreet Art And Graffiti - Street Artists1296 Words   |  6 PagesStreet art and graffiti has grown increasingly popular worldwide in the last few decades. This is because street artists are given the opportunity to showcase their ideas and opinions freely, and do not allow themselves to be limited by regulations of the law or public opinion. Street artists can express the unpopular opinion without worry that they will be punished for it, as these artists often work anonymously. According to Michael DeNotto from St. Mary’s University of Minnesota, street art al lowsRead MoreThe Subculture Of Street Art1407 Words   |  6 PagesThe Subculture of Street Art In today’s society street art has managed to reach every country worldwide. In the film â€Å"Exit Through The Gift Shop† a film by a street artist named Banksy that tells the story about Thierry Guetta a French man who lives in Los Angles that falls in love with the subculture and films the life known as graffiti or to some people that love it, it is known as street art. Thierry shows the different artist and ways he explains how the subculture of street art is taking overRead MoreBanskys Street Art1886 Words   |  8 PagesStreet art is a form of public art that makes use of urban space, usually unsanctioned and in defiance of typical art values. Although illegal in nature, street art has become increasingly popular within the past decade, with the spotlight focused on anonymous graffiti artist, Banksy. His unique stenciling style creates powerful subversive images incorporated into the urban landscape. His art provokes thought about the content, context and authenti city in regards to both his work and the art worldRead MoreLondons Street Art Scene1983 Words   |  8 PagesWalking through the streets of London is an experience on its own, but when one takes a moment to truly observe, that’s when the (not-so) underground world of street art opens up. Nearly every surface, even the discarded gum on the ground, is covered in brightly rendered and dizzyingly beautiful works painted by renown street artists (like Ben Wilson and Shepard Fairey), and unknown artists alike. Camilla Walala, a street artist, recently painted the entire faà §ade of the SpliceTV building in ShoreditchRead MoreManifesto about Street Art1312 Words   |  6 PagesArt became an integral and most crucial thing in lives of most people. It helps people to represent their feelings through their art works, whereas other people are using art in order to get profit. People are learning arts in schools and universities and using it in their lives for different proposes. Howe ver, art seems to be good for all people, there is only one type of it which is usually not welcomed in countries - ‘Street art’. According to Johan Slogan, ‘Nowadays art’ (2010, 13-14), streetRead MoreTaking a Look at Street Art977 Words   |  4 Pages We see their art everywhere we go. On billboards, painted over some expensive advertising or a blank canvas big enough for the entire world to admire. On buildings, where some tenants don’t care, but the ones who take pride in their surroundings want something done about it. On vehicles, like moving trucks and abandoned cars. They want you to see their art in motion. On sidewalks, under or on the side of bridges and freeways. To some, it’s vandalism, to others, it tells a story and lets the artist

Leasehold reform act 1967 - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 623 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Essay any type Tags: Act Essay Did you like this example? 1. What were the material facts in the case? The Leasehold Reform Act 1967 provides tenants the right to purchase the landlords freehold interest of a property. There is no requirement for the tenant to occupy or have occupied the property. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Leasehold reform act 1967" essay for you Create order The property was subject to a lease. The appellant was the tenant under the lease. The appellant wanted to acquire the freehold of the property. The property was originally built as a single private residence and had subsequently been adapted for both residential and commercial use. The property had become heavily dilapidated and was not physically fit for immediate residential occupation. In order to be construed as a house under Section 2(1) of the Leasehold Reform Act 1967 a property must satisfy two requirements i.e. it must be both designed and adapted for living in and be reasonably so called. 2. Explain, in your own words, the legal issue(s) in the case. What is the definition of a house under Section 2 (1) of the Leasehold Reform Act 1967, specifically what is meant by the phrase designed and adapted for living in? Was the property in question designed or adapted for living in, within the meaning of Section 2(1), when the notice of enfranchisement was served? Do the words designed and adapted for living in within Section 2 (1) of the Act suggest that the property be capable of immediate residential occupation? Or should the test be an historic one i.e. should the fact that the property was designed for living in when first built and had not subsequently been altered from this be sufficient to construe that it is indeed designed and adapted for living in and therefore satisfy this requirement for the purposes of Section 2 (1) of the 1967 Act. 3. Which technique(s) of statutory interpretation do you consider that Lord Neuberger employed in the case? Give reasons for your answer. Literal Rule at [17] as a matter of ordinary language Contextual/purposive at [17] reinforced by considering other provisions of the sub-section, and supported by the original terms†¦ and considerations of practicality and policy Literal Rule at [18] as a matter of ordinary English and the natural meaning of the word Contextual at [19] reinforced by the later words in the same section Literal Rule at [22] the words in question are given their natural meaning 4. Which presumptions and/or rules of language did Lord Neuberger employ in the case? Give reasons for your answer. Noscitur a Sociis reinforced by the later words in the same section at [19] 5. To what aids to statutory interpretation did Lord Neuberger refer? Your answer should indicate whether such aids were intrinsic or extrinsic. Intrinsic: Section 1 (1) Section 2 (1) Extrinsic: Tandon v Trustees of Spurgeons Homes [1982] AC 755 Suffolk County Council v Mason [1979] AC 705 Attorney General v Lamplough (1878) 3 Ex D 214 6. Explain, in your own words, the ratio decidendi of Alpha Holdings v Beta Properties [2007] UKHL 17 The words designed or adapted for living in within s.2 (1) of the Leashold Reform Act 1967 are to be given their ordinary or natural meaning. A property is a house within the meaning of the sub-section if it had been designed for living in when originally built and the structure had remained largely the same i.e. the test of designed for living in is an historic one. Whilst the property had become heavily dilapidated and was indeed uninhabitable this did not alter the fact that it had been designed for living in when first built. It is not reasonable to assume that a property must be capable of immediate residential occupation in order for it to be construed as a house under s.2 (1) of the 1967 Act. Therefore at the time the notice of enfranchisement was served the property was designed or adapted for living in within the meaning of s.2 (1).

Review of The Black Death Essay - 854 Words

Review of The Black Death The Black Death discusses the causes and results of the plague that devastated medieval Europe. It focuses on the many effects it had on the culture of medieval Europe and the possibility that it expedited cultural change. I found that Robert S. Gottfried had two main theses in the book. He argued that rodent and insect life cycles, as well as the changing of weather systems affect plague. He claimed that the devastation plague causes is partly due to its perpetual recurrences. Plague ravaged Europe in cycles, devastated the people when they were recuperating. As can be later discovered in the book, the cycles of plague consumed the European population. A second thesis, which he described in greater detail,†¦show more content†¦Doctors responded with a series of changes are to thank for the development of modern science. Gottfried succeeded in convincing me that his thesis was truth. The opening chapters gave me a solid background of plague, explaining why he believes it had such an impact on medieval population and culture. Next, it delves into the affect that changing weather had on the plagues, explaining the European environment during 1050-1347; the time of plagues greatest destruction. That complete, Gottfried describes the consequences immediately following the plague. It is said that the disease killed 25% to 40% of Eurasia and part of Africa. By this point, it is more than obvious that plague had a tragic affect on Medieval Europe, but it is unclear as to the causes, and the effect plague had on society, which seemed to be his theses in the opening chapters. But he does not ignore these topics. After giving a full background on plague and European culture and environment, Gottfried gives solid details to support his theses. According to Gottfried, the Medical structure of Medieval Europe, adopted from that of the Romans, was nearly eliminated in the search for ways to cure plague. The spread of plague, successfully stated by Gottfried, directl y depends on climate. Plague can only spread under certain climate conditions. In order for Y. Pestis, a series of complex bacterial strains, to survive, it mustnt be too hot nor too cold.Show MoreRelatedArticle Review : The Black Death 962 Words   |  4 PagesArticle Review The Bubonic Plague, or more commonly referred to as the Black Death is something that has stumped scholars and students alike for centuries since its passing. There have been several articles written about, and discussed over the past few years concerning different angles of approach during the discussion of the Black Death. One of the biggest, and most reputable scholarly journals that has published a broad spectrum over many things concerning things such as the Black Death is, inRead MoreThe Issue Of Racial Discrimination985 Words   |  4 Pagesin the death sentencing process. The death penalty is a hot button topic in the United States. It has always had its critics and has always had its issues. However, the issue of racial discrimination is the most dangerous issue inherent in the death penalty because there is another human being on the receiving end that has to pay the ultimate price, his or her life. Racial discrimination in the sentencing process is not only a legal issue but a social issue. The idea of racism in the death penaltyRead MoreChristians, Jews, and the Black Plague1707 Words   |  7 Pagesexceedingly willing to deliver. Overall, life was better for the Christians and worse for the Jews, although this would be of no concern to the plague. When the Black Death arrived in the mid-fourteenth century, it cared little for the religious affiliation of its victims as it spread throughout Europe, causing widespread illness and death. Each faith would come to deal with the plague in its own way, actions that were both predictable and unpredictable. Word of a Jewish plot to kill ChristiansRead MoreAnalysis Of Mark Bowden s Black Hawk Down1651 Words   |  7 Pagesand unsparing narrative that is filled with blood and noise† (Yardley). Mark Bowden’s Black Hawk Down is amongst the most profane, gory, and explicit military pieces in history. Why should the Morongo Unified School District’s approval even be up for consideratio n? October 3, 1993, the Battle of Mogadishu stamped itself in American history. The intense battle between American and Somali soldiers resulted in the death of eighteen American men, as well as the severe injury of seventy and counting. ExposingRead MoreInfant Mortality And Birth Mortality1394 Words   |  6 PagesMcKenzie and Pinger define infant mortality as death prior to 1 year of age. It is expressed as the number of deaths per 1,000 live births. Leading causes of infant mortality are: congenital malformation, preterm/low birth weight, complications during pregnancy and accidents. In the last 100 years there have been decreases in infant mortality due to economic growth, sanitation improvement, developed medical care and enhanced nutrition. (McKenzie Pinger, 2017). Infant mortality rates vary amidRead MoreJust Kill Em? Essay1431 Words   |  6 PagesJust Kill ‘Em? The United States has a long history with the death penalty. The â€Å"first recorded execution was in Jamestown in 1608† (â€Å"Death Penalty in America† 259). Since then, thirty five states have continued to use the death penalty. Now it can be considered a normal punishment and many people feel strongly about it, but maybe we should forget what we have done in the past and take a second look. The death penalty should not be used in the United States because it is too expensive, affectsRead MoreAnalysis of the Skeleton Character in the Film Black Orpheus is Death1282 Words   |  5 Pages The skeleton character in the film Black Orpheus is Death, who personifies the immortal concept of death which eventually claims Eurydice before her time and kills her. This character is very important to this movie, which offered a modern day update of the myth (a legend or story used to explain things such as nature or aspects of gods) of Orpheus when this film was initially created in 1959 (No author, 1958), because he serves as the antagonist. An antagonist is an adversary. It is due to theRead MoreBlack Male And Caucasian Police Officer Essay1489 Words   |  6 Pagesofficer were involved. Black male Eric Garner was supposedly confronted for selling cigarettes on the street, one of the officers Daniel Pantaleo who had Eric in a chokehold which caused the death of him. This took place on July 17th, 2014 in Staten Island, New York City. Within the department I was surprised on female African American NYPD Sargent Kissy Adoni on how she did not intervene. As a result of Garner s d eath, Police Commissioner William Bratton ordered an extensive review of the NYPD s trainingRead MoreNo Ordinary Time By Doris Kearns Goodwin1688 Words   |  7 PagesRoosevelt’s struggle for equal rights. The book finishes with the death of Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s death in 1945 and the end of World War II. Analysis of the biography shows a theme of how far the Roosevelts would go to get what they wanted, going so far as Franklin threatening to reject his nomination if his choice of vice president was not chosen and Eleanor traveling the country to speak her message of equality. Peer review by the New York Times applauds Goodwin for showing how important theRead MoreThe Immortal Life Of Henrietta Lacks Essay1348 Words   |  6 Pagesit also goes in depth about how her daughter came to find out about her immortal cells. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks is divided into three layers and each part discusses different event that happened during the course of Henri etta’s life, death, and immortality. If the story was written in a chronological order would it had made it easier or harder to understand the more important things? The prologue of the book shows us the real name of the main character to clear off any doubts in the

Nursing Theory And The Field Of Nursing - 1370 Words

Nursing theories are not a new concept in the field of nursing or health care in general. An extremely well known nursing theorist is Florence Nightingale, but there are other theorists who have also contributed to the field of nursing. A theory is defined as â€Å"an integrated set of defined concepts and statements that present a view of a phenomenon and can be used to describe, explain, predict, and control that phenomenon† (Burns Grove, 2011, p. 228). A theory can be applied to any field, especially the field of nursing. Many theories are specific in one concept of nursing. The theory may be concentrated on the steps of the nursing process or on specific aspects of the nursing process, such as, the patient’s hygiene, activities of†¦show more content†¦At this point and time in her life she is an associate professor of nursing at University of Akron. Ms. Kolcaba feels as though one of the numerous roles of a nurse is to ensure the comfort and care of patients. She believes this to be true because most people enter into the field of nursing because they care and want to help individuals feel better. This being said it makes sense for Ms. Kolcaba to perform research aspects of patient comfort and to eventually publish the Comfort Theory and Practice: a Vision for Holistic Health Care and Research. In the 1990s Ms. Kolcaba utilized a middle range nursing theory that was proposed to describe nursing research, education, and practice. This research eventually leads to her publishing the Comfort Theory. During Ms. Kolcaba study she had utilized many key words. To clarify the key words of this study, they are the following, â€Å"health care needs are those identified by the patient and/or family in a particular practice setting, intervening variables are those factors that are not likely to change and over which providers have little control, comfort is an immediate desirable outcome of nursing care, according to Comfort Theory, and health seeking behaviors include institutional integrity which is the values, financial stability, and

The Theme Of Corruption In Shakespeare’s Hamlet Essay Sample free essay sample

Introduction Corruptness can be seen in different signifiers. given to deliver by different writers and played to perfection by assorted characters. This is the instance in William Shakespeare’sHamlet. The play’s cardinal premiss is that corruptness permeates the lives of people who are near to it. It can be easy seen in the drama as it unfolds scene by scene and can be witnessed even until the terminal of the drama wherein the corruptness of the characters. the land and the existences of the people reach their pinnacle. In the drama. Hamlet. it starts with Horatio and the other guards witnessing the shade of their male monarch who has late passed off. This troubled male monarch left his lone boy. Hamlet who so finds himself seeking to pass on with the shade. He follows the shade and so learns that his father’s decease was a planned slaying. Because of this Hamelet seeks retaliation and begins to move queerly in the presence of his people. Rosencratz and Guildenstern are Hamlet’s friends from his instruction and they spy on Hamlet consequently. Meanwhile. Hamlet finds that he would travel about exposing the slaying to the male monarch by composing a drama similar to the fortunes environing the slaying. The drama is acted out in forepart of the male monarch and when he notices the similarity. he bolts out of the room. Gertrude negotiations to Hamlet in her room in order to hold Hamlet open up about his actions. Meanwhile Polonius fells in the room with the motivation of listen ining on Hamlet. Hamlet on the other manus decides to slay the male monarch but delaies when he sees the male monarch praying. Hamlet. being called upon by his female parent senses that there is an eavesdropper in the room stabs the concealment figure and so manages to kill Polonius. Hamlet unsuccessful at his purpose to convert his female parent that the male monarch is huffy so learns about the male monarchs orders to set him to his decease. Because of this. Hamlet so writes a missive that would set his bodyguards to decease. Hamlet learns that Ophelia committed self-destruction because of the decease of her male parent. He so stumbles upon Laertes. who is Ophelia’s brother and the king’s boy in the entombment. One of the efforts to kill Hamlet goes to Gertrude. which is a poisoned drink. While Laertes uses a blade with a poisoned tip. Hamlet manages to kill Laertes and lets him complete the drink. In the terminal. no 1 is left and all who have been corrupted dice. The cardinal subject of the drama is all about corruptness. You will be able to see it through the different lives that have been intertwined in the drama. It can be seen that the assorted characters who are involved in the drama seem to hold one thing in common—they have all been corrupted in one manner or another. If one looks at the different waies that these people have gone through. one will detect that there is more to the superficial motivations of the people. If one looks at Hamlet from a really personal position. if you did non cognize the different fortunes was playing around him. you would likely believe that he has gone huffy. That is in fact. what other people thought about him. Claudius There are so many degrees of corruptness that one can happen in the drama. One of that is the mental type of corruptness. Cladius really articulately puts it when he says. â€Å"Through disposition disposition be crisp as will: my stronger guilt lickings my strong purpose ; and like a adult male to duplicate bussiness bound. I stand in intermission where I foremost Begin and both neglect` ( Act 111. scene 11 ) He seems to happen himself corrupted in a manner that he has no control over it. This is why he was able to slay the male monarch himself through the secret plan that was given to Hamlet by his father’s shade. This is a testament to the fact that people can be corrupted in ways that they don’t know about. Wormald references that there is a corruptness of both human and natural orders in this drama merely because of the despicable nature of the workss that the narrative perpetuates. ( Wormald. 2002 ) Because of this. the character of Claudius can be considered as a really astute and cagey individual. In the drama. he is known to be person manipulates different events every bit good as people for the exclusive intent of staying inexperienced person. However. he is every bit guilty as any liquidator who kills a individual firsthand. The difference with Claudius is that he becomes really manipulative and with the corruptness inside of him. he so proceeds to pervert other people as good. Claudius’s accomplishment at fraudulence frequently hides his true purpose. One of the illustrations of this sort of action can be seen when he incites Laertes to kill Hamlet when he says. â€Å"Laertes. was your male parent beloved to you? Or are you like the picture of a sorrow. a face without a bosom? † ( Act 4. scene 7 ) The Kingdom of Denmark The Kingdom of Denmark is a land that can be described as being drowned in corruptness. Because of the assorted corruptness being portrayed in the drama. it is. no uncertainty. one of the beginnings of corruptness for the full drama. Hunt describes this universe as â€Å"a universe that has undergone a extremist autumn or transmutation into an ‘unweeded garden’ overwhelmed with corruptness. † ( Hunt. 2004 ) One could even overlook that the queen so fleetly married the uncle of Hamlet and merely concentrate on the fact that the queen even married Hamlet’s uncle after the decease of the former male monarch. This peculiar case frowned upon by Parker when he mentions that the really act of the queen and the new male monarch yoke in bed is as if the act is â€Å"stewed in corruption† ( Parker. 2003 ) Another thing that could be seen as corrupted in the land is the manner that the King plotted to kill Hamlet by the offering of a drink with toxicant. This i s one of the cases that the corruptness within the political model of a land is highlighted. ( Alexander. 1972 ) Queen Gertrude One of the corruptnesss that can be seen in this character is the corruptness in her morality. It is rather obvious that there was something incorrect with the manner that everything was orchestrated merely because of one of Hamlet’s remarks about how fast her female parent married Claudius. Hamlet says â€Å"a small month. or ere those places were old. with which she followed my hapless male parents body. like Niobe. all tears-why she even she†¦married with my uncle† ( Act 1. cene 11 ) The manner Hamlet phrased it is in a manner speculative and at the same clip reminiscent of an immoral behaviour. Even though one could reason the hurting that being left with no 1 to soothe her in all sorts of ways. the fact remains that the queen did non even sorrow his father’s absence. It could be gleaned from the confession of the Ghost when he called Claudius as â€Å"that incestuous. that debased animal. † Because of this. the corruptness that was present at the clip was really important because it shed visible radiation on the character of Claudius even before the decease of the male monarch. Because the shade called the king an fornicator. it hence follows that the male monarch. while he was alive. knew of what was go oning between her married woman and Claudius. This now sheds new information on how moral corruptness has permeated even the queen. Ophelia With respect to Hamlet’s merely love. Ophelia. her corruptness could be classified as holding no right thought when she committed self-destruction. Even in the face of decease. it would take person who is non sane to take her ain life. Although one could merely reason that the heartache that Ophelia was so great because her male parent was apparently murdered. it would still take some kind of corruptness for Ophelia to be able to perpetrate self-destruction. Because of the corruptness that rubbed off Ophelia. all the prevarications and the fraudulence around her began to take its toll and what was planted in her head finally began to unknot. Decision The land. the demoiselle. the queen and the king—all of them are finally caught and consumed in this intricate spider’s web of prevarications. fraudulence and corruptness in the latter phase of the drama. In the centre of all of the corruptness is Hamlet. He sees the fornicator. he manages to by chance kill person and finally he is consumed by the corruptness with his decease. All of the things. topographic points and people that are in the drama Hamlet all go about portraying about a universe gone incorrect because of corruptness. With that being said. it should be surmised that corruptness can non be contained in oneself. It will finally distribute throughout the different countries of one’s immediate milieus. All of the darkness that resides in a individual will distribute to others if it is non stopped early on. Ultimately. all of the corruptness in the lives of the characters in the drama consumed them wholly. either on intent or otherwise. It is an often-used cliche when people say that absolute power corrupts perfectly. In the instance of Hamlet and the other characters. they served as first-class illustrations of the result of corruptness. Bibliography Wormald. Mark. ( 2002 ) .Hopkins. Hamlet. and the Victorians: Carrion Comfort.Victorian Poetry. Vol. 40. Hunt. Maurice. ( 2004 ) .â€Å"Forward Backward† Time and the Apocalypse in Hamlet. Comparative Drama. Vol. 38. Alexander. Nigel. ( 1972 ) .Poison. Play. and Duel: A Study in Hamlet. Renaissance Quarterly. Vol. 25. No. 4 Thomson. Ann. ( 2006 ) .Hamlet Arden Shakespeare: Third Seriess. Arden. Wales.

Strategic Planning for the Hospital ED Strategic Initiatives

Question: Describe about the Strategic Planning for the Hospital ED for Strategic Initiatives. Answer: 1. The New Castle Hospital is facing number of challenges, as the ED of the organization is not structured properly. The main challenge is selection of ED information system with an emphasis of automating and informing in order to support the entire strategic initiatives of the organization (Short et al., 2013).There are number of steps that are helpful for initiating a strategic planning that would be helpful in improving the ED information System. The steps include: Developing mission and vision of the organization: It is very much important to develop mission and vision for the New castle hospital as the organization have undefined strategy. It is quite important to have proper mission of the company so that the development of IT system could be possible (Johnston Bate, 2013).The development of Information System in ED can only be possible if the mission and vision of the organization is aligned and supportive in context with the overall strategy of business. Information Technology Strategic Planning: A mutual relationship exists between the strategic plan of the organization and the information technology (Bryson, 2012). In order to develop the information system of ED it is quite important to develop several delivery models including accountable care processes which is essential for improving both the operational as well as information technology strategic planning. Business and operational analysis: One o the main key aspect of strategic planning fo improving the Information system of ED is to understand both the internal as well as external threats as well as opportunities (Ward Peppard, 2016).This is quite important for involving all the stakeholders in order to improve the plan, for creating organizational ownership, which is very much important for executing as well as sustaining the plan. The factors play an important role in ensuring an alignment between the organizationss as well as departments overall strategic plan. The steps illustrated above not only helps in improving the information system of ED but it also helps in defining various strategies in the organization that are quite important in the development of the organization (Bezdek, Dubois Prade, 2012).It also plays a great role in improving the IT infrastructure as well as architecture of the organization. 2. There are number of factors that have contributed to the current state of the ED at Newcastle hospital. The most difficult one, which is difficult to overcome, are the issues that are associated with the IT system factors of the company. The IT factors associated with the organization faces many challenges due to its manual processes and the problems associated with it is difficult to resolve or overcome. This is due to some of the factors. The IS department of the hospital does not have defined strategies, objectives as well as processes and as a result alignment with various strategies of the hospital as well as with its IT performance measurement is not considered properly (Venkatesh, Brown Bala, 2013). The organization does not have any committee associated with IT steering either at board or management levels. The organization does not have proper IT policies, service level agreements, decision criteria or user roles and responsibilities. The IT missing portfolio of the organization does not have proper critical elements such as order entry, management of the case, nursing documentation and radiology for providing benefit to the ED system (Short et al., 2013). The core information system of the organization inc ludes three versions, which constitutes several functions that need to be bypassed by the users together. Software as well as networks is arbitrarily customized without proper procedure of documentation and inadequate hardware capacity. The IT staffs as well as data center are located miles away from the hospital, which helps in isolating the IT culture of the users and patients culturally, as well as physically. The organization also faces issues because of undefined strategy as well as data integrity, which are also difficult to overcome (Johnston Bate, 2013). The hospital does not have proper formal strategic plan and corresponding tactics, which are required for the development as well as for managing the organization properly. The organization lacks proper defined strategy and therefore the problems associated with it are difficult to resolve (Ward Peppard, 2016).The organization faces also faces challenges due to data integrity. The data throughout the organization is not properly defined and they are not reliable. It is quite important to resolve all the issues so that the organization gains competitive advantage in the market. References Bezdek, J., Dubois, D., Prade, H. (Eds.). (2012).Fuzzy sets in approximate reasoning and information systems(Vol. 5). Springer Science Business Media. Bryson, J. M. (2012). Strategic Planning and.The SAGE Handbook of Public Administration, 50. Johnston, R. E., Bate, J. D. (2013).The power of strategy innovation: a new way of linking creativity and strategic planning to discover great business opportunities. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Short, M., Baker, M., Carter, J., Jones, C., Jay, S. (2013).Strategic environmental assessment and land use planning: an international evaluation. Routledge. Venkatesh, V., Brown, S. A., Bala, H. (2013). Bridging the qualitative-quantitative divide: Guidelines for conducting mixed methods research in information systems.MIS quarterly,37(1), 21-54. Ward, J., Peppard, J. (2016).The Strategic Management of Information Systems: Building a Digital Strategy. John Wiley Sons.

Writing Essay Topics For Elderly People

Writing Essay Topics For Elderly PeopleExercising your writing skills is very important when it comes to essay topics. You can either research for the topic yourself or find a qualified writer to do it for you. There are several ways to go about this but I'll discuss some options that you can use to get the most out of your writing time.Seniors are looking for an adult that they can connect with and talk to about their feelings. But it isn't enough to just write a good heartfelt piece. You also need to be able to show that you are mature and educated so your seniors will feel you are like an adult.A senior needs to know they are respected. This is so they don't feel as if they are looking for guidance from you and that you actually care about them. This type of respect should be shown through your essay topics and in your writing.When it comes to formal essay topics that require research and have to be completed, this is where you can shine the brightest. Students can only dream of w hat they can accomplish when it comes to writing papers. But you can prove that you can do great things with a little work and dedication.Write a special and unique essay that teaches people what you are willing to do for them. Try to write it using simple language and explain it in an entertaining way. With my three years in college, I was able to get my personal essay published after I did a lot of research on the topic.Elderly essay topics can be written as prose or stories that people can relate to. If you write the essay in an interesting way and keep it short and easy to understand, you will be able to get your point across well. Plus, you can show your readers that you are willing to do what it takes to help others.Another important point to remember is that essay topics do not have to be long. The length is dependent on the topic and the information you need to include. You can write a nice 500 word essay on a certain subject that has nothing to do with being a senior.With a little work and determination, elderly essay topics can be easy to write and simple to understand. Plus, you can follow a variety of methods. Whether you write it yourself or find a qualified writer, you can come up with many different ways to write elderly essay topics.

Research Paper Fusarium Wilt on Abaca Essay Example

Research Paper Fusarium Wilt on Abaca Paper Induction of Resistance in Abaca Against Wilt Disease Complex caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (E. F. Smith) and Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi et. al. Using Chemical and Biological Elicitors Abstract Resistance in plants has been reported to be inducible using biological and or chemical elicitors. Fusarium wilt and bacterial wilt diseases are two major diseases hampering abaca production in the Philippines. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of biological and chemical eliciors of resistance to control wilt disease complex in abaca caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ubense (FOC) and Ralstonia solanacearum. Suspected biological elicitors (Fomes and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae or Xoo) and known chemical elicitors (Asprin or Acetyl Salicylic acid and Boost) were sprayed to the abaca tissue cultured seedlings at 15 days interval together with water and Nordox (fungicide with bactericidal activity) as checks. The sprayed seedlings were challenged by s imultaneous inoculation with FOC and Ralstonia solanacearum. The parameters used to compare the treatments were: percent infected plants, disease severity rating, percent area of vascular discoloration and number of remaining live plants. Results show that Boost and Fomes resulted to an effective control of the wilt disease complex which were comparable or even better compared to Nordox, the fungicide check. Xoo and Acetyl Salicylic Acid on the other hand produced higher disease compared to the control. This study has demonstrated the potential of Fomes and Boost as biological and chemical elicitors of resistance, respectively in abaca which protected it from wilt disease complex. Keywords: Abaca, SAR, chemical elicitors, biological elicitors, Fusarium wilt, Bacterial wilt - Student Researcher, VSU 2 Associate Professor, DPM, VSU and Research Adviser INTRODUCTION Abaca (Musa textilis Nee) is indigenous to the Philippines, and is one of the major dollar earners of our country. Abaca plant has many slender stalks, upright and pointed leaves. It is harvested for its strong but flexible fiber usually called as Manila hemp used for making twines, ropes, cordage, pulp and specialty papers, fiber crafts, textile and fabrics. It is also one of the few cash crops that can grow with relatively little input compared to the other crops (FIDA, 2007). We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper Fusarium Wilt on Abaca specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper Fusarium Wilt on Abaca specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper Fusarium Wilt on Abaca specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Abaca has a high market potential but its production has been limited due to the occurrence of diseases, such as bunchy top, bacterial wilt and fusarium wilt which have taken their toll on many abaca farms. This devastation caused by viruses, bacterial wilt and fusarium wilt in abaca aggravates the farmers’ production problems. Fusarium wilt disease is caused Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (E. F. Smith) Snyd. And Hans. which is also referred to as Agent Green. This fungus does so by colonizing the water-conducting vessels (xylem) of the abaca plant resulting for a blockage and breakdown of xylem. Yellowing of the leaves, followed by drying and wilting and eventually plant death are the external symptoms of the disease. Most affected plants have discolored vascular bundles and eventually die before maturity thus, forcing the farmers to harvest the abaca plant prematurely. Another equally important disease is the bacterial wilt disease. Bacterial wilt is caused by the bacteria Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi et al. , 1995). The early symptoms of this disease include rusty brown streaks in the leaves which later turn blighted and water soaked and finally wilting of the whole plant. The internal symptoms are the vascular discoloration, water soaking and finally the rotting of pseudo- stem. Fusarium wilt and bacterial wilt may occur singly or together as a complex in the field and had contributed much to the devastation of abaca in major growing areas in the Philippines. Host plant resistance is the most effective means of controlling wilt diseases. But the development of a resistant plant however takes time, effort and many resources. Resistance in plants however can be induced using chemical and biological elicitors. Several studies have shown that certain chemicals can induce the resistance of plants and some of which are boost and salicylic acid. Boost is a novel synthetic chemical, benzo(1,2,3)thiadiazole-7-8-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH) was intially shown to induce acquired resistance in wheat (Gorlach, et al, 1996) and which is produced by Novartis and distributed in the Philippines by Syngenta. Aspirin or acetyl salicylic acid was also found to induce resistance in some plants (Gleason, 1999; Owen, 1996). Salicylic acid (SA) has been reported to be elevated on plants that exhibit SAR for example in cucumber (Metraux, et al, 1990), tobacco (Malamy, et al, 1990), and Arabidopsis (Uknes, et al, 1993). There are evidences that suggest that SA plays an important role in the transduction pathway leading to SAR. Recent studies however indicate that SA is not likely to be the systematically transmitted signal (Vernooij, et al, 1994). ] There are also biotic elicitors that have been reported to elicit resistance in plants which includes chitin and chitosan. Chitin is a safe material and was reported to induce resistance against soil-borne diseases ((Kuchitsu, et al, 1993). Moreover, chitin was reported to be used as soil fertilizer. Chitosan which can be extracted from chitin has anti-fungal activity against many plant pathogens (Herano, et al, 1990; El-mougy, et al, 2002). Moreover, chitosan is also reported to induce resistance against soil-borne fungi. Chitosan was also found to have anti-bacterial property and is capable of inducing resistance to the bacterial blight disease of rice cause Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Modina, 2007). Boost is a novel synthetic chemical, benzo(1,2,3)thiadiazole-7-8-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH) was intially shown to induce acquired resistance in wheat (Gorlach, et al, 1996) and which is produced by Novartis and distributed in the Philippines by Syngenta. Aspirin or acetyl salicylic acid was also found to induce resistance in some plants (Gleason, 1999; Owen, 1996). Salicylic acid (SA) has been reported to be elevated on plants that exhibit SAR for example in cucumber (Metraux, et al, 1990), tobacco (Malamy, et al, 1990), and Arabidopsis (Uknes, et al, 1993). There are evidences that suggest that SA lays an important role in the transduction pathway leading to SAR. Recent studies however indicate that SA is not likely to be the systematically transmitted signal (Vernooij, et al, 1994). ] This study therefore aimed to compare and contrast the efficacy of suspected elicitors of resistance in controlling the wilt disease complex in abaca. The efficacy of potential biological a nd chemical elicitors of systemic acquired resistance to control wilt disease complex of abaca caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense and Ralstonia solanacearum was also evaluated. METHODOLOGY Preparation and Sterilization of Culture Media Potato dextrose agar (PDA) for the culture of FOC was prepared by dissolving 39 grams dehydrated PDA to 1 liter dH2O in a double boiler and cooked until the agar dissolves in H2O. It was dispensed to 250 ml Erlenmeyer Flasks and test tubes. Nutrient agar for the culture of Ralstonia solanacearum was prepared by dissolving 3g beef extract, 5 grams peptone and 17g agar to 1 liter dH2O in a double boiler and cooked until agar dissolves in H2O. It was dispensed to 250 Erlenmeyer Flasks and test tubes. The media were sterilized in a pressure cooker at 15 lbs/in2 pressure or 121 °C temperature for 15 minutes. Sterile media were allowed to cool. PDA and NA in tubes were slanted and stored in the refrigerator until use. Collection, Isolation and Culture of FOC Isolation plates were prepared by melting the stored PDA in flasks, pouring into sterile Petri plates and allowed to solidify. Fusarium wilt– infected abaca was collected from the National Abaca Research Center and it was brought to the Plant Disease Diagnostic Laboratory for isolation of the pathogen. Infected tissues from the advancing portion of the disease were disinfected with 1% sodium hypochlorite and were planted onto solidified PDA in plates (4 sections per plate). After 2 or more days, mycelia that have radiated from the planted abaca tissue were cut aseptically using flamed sterilized flattened needle and were transferred to PDA slants where they were stored and maintained until use. Collection, Isolation and Culture of Ralstonia solanacearum Nutrient agar in flasks were melted and aseptically poured to Petri plates. The medium were allowed to solidify. The bacterial wilt pathogen, R. solanacaerum was isolated from a banana fruit infected with â€Å"Bugtok† disease. Infected tissues from the advancing portion of the disease were cut, disinfected with 1% hypochlorite and reused with sterile H20. The sections were then placed in sterile water in a test tube and allowed to stand for 10 minutes to allow the bacteria to ooze out of the tissue. A loopful of the resulting bacterial suspension was streaked onto the solidified NA on plates and incubated. After 2 days individual colonies were picked with sterile wire loop and transferred to NA slants to purify. The cultures were incubated for 2 days and stored in the refrigerator for future use. Procurement and Preparation of Test Plants Four weeks old tissue cultured abaca plantlets were procured from National Abaca Research Center (NARC). They were maintained in the vicinity of the Department of Pest Management and were given necessary care and maintenance such as watering, weeding, and fertilization. The plants were numbered and tagged according to the desired treatments. In numbering and tagging the plants, we gave them equal chances in belonging to a group. We did this through the drawn by lot method. Thus, we have used the technique randomization in giving names to the plants. Preparation and Application of Treatments The plants were sprayed with the different treatments (Fig. 1) at 15 days interval starting when the plants were 6 weeks old. Treatments| Illustration| T0 (Water)| | T1 (Fomes at 100ppm)| | T2 (Attenuated Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae)| | T3 (Aspirin or Acetyl Salicylic Acid at 100ppm)| | T4 (Boost at 100ppm)| | T5 (Nordox at 100ppm)| | Fig. 1. The different treatments used Fomes was prepared by oven drying (50? C for 3 days) and by pulverizing using mortar and pestle. After pulverizing, 0. 75g was obtained and was mixed with 750ml H20 to make a 100 ppm suspension. Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) was prepared by transferring an isolate of Xoo (courtesy of PDDL at VSU) in NA slants 2 days before its scheduled time of application. On the application time, 10ml sterile H20 was poured on the test tube slants and the bacteria were scraped using a wire loop without causing damage to the medium. Ten slants were used and the solution was diluted into a beaker to make 100 ml suspension. An approximately 650 ml H20 was added to have a total of 750 ml suspension. The suspension was heated for 5 minutes to attenuate the bacterium. Aspirin or Acetyl Salicylic Acid was prepared by making a stock solution. A tablet of aspirin was diluted to 1L H20 to make a 300 ppm suspension. Then, a volume of 37. 5ml was measured out from the stock and was added to 712. ml H20 to make a 100 ppm suspension. Boost was obtained from Syngenta Philippines. Two ml Boost was diluted and mixed to 1998 ml H20 to make a 2000 ppm suspension. A volume of 37. 5 ml was obtained out from the stock and was added to 712. 5 ml H20 to make a 100 ppm suspension. Nordox, copper-based fungicide with bactericidal activity was used as the positive check at the manufacturer’s recommended rate. It was prepared by weighing 1. 9g of Nordox and by mixing it thoroughly to 750 ml H2O. After preparing, the treatments were sprayed to the plants using a sprayit gun powered by an electric compressor starting from Water down to Nordox. Each plant equally received 50ml of the said treatments (Fig. 2). The experiment was laid in a Completely Randomized Design. The six treatments were replicated 3 times and 5 plantlets constituted one replicate making a total of 90 plantlets needed for the experiment. Two consecutive spray applications of the treatments at 15 days interval were done before pathogen inoculation and sprayings were done until the last disease scoring. Fig. 2 Application of treatments to the plants Preparation of FOC Inoculum The pure cultures were first examined under the microscope to confirm the presence of real FOC pathogen (Fig. ) before they were mass cultured for inoculation. FOC that was used for inoculation to test plants was cultured and mass produced in corn meal-sand medium (CMS) which was prepared by mixing 1 part ground corn every 20 parts of sand. The mixture was placed in glass jars about 2/3 full and moistened and covered with aluminum foil then bound with rubber band at rim (Fig 4). They were sterilized at 15 lbs/in2 pressure and 121 °C temperature for 1 hour. Pure culture of FOC from the PDA slant were aseptically seeded into the prepared CMS medium and incubated at room temperature until completely colonized by the fungus. Fig 3. Photomicrograph of FOC macroconidia and microconidia Fig 4. Corn meal-sand medium with FOC Inoculation of FOC CMS cultures of FOC were first mixed thoroughly on a tray to assure even distribution of the fungal spores to the CMS medium before inoculation. FOC was inoculated into the soil of each potted plant by incorporating 1 tbsp of the inoculum near the base of the abaca plantlet and covering the inoculum with soil. Inoculation was done 2 days after the second spraying of the different treatments. Preparation of Ralstonia solanacearum, the bacterial wilt pathogen Bacterial wilt pathogen was transferred to fresh NA slants. Two days after the isolation, each NA culture was mixed with 10ml dH2O and the pathogen was scraped using a wire loop without causing damage to the medium. Overall, 120ml of the bacterial suspension was used. One ml was injected to the stem of each plant. Bacterial Inoculation was done 12 days after FOC inoculation. Data Gathered The following data were gathered: A. Initial and Final Plant Height – This was gathered per plant basis before the application of treatments and inoculation of the pathogen and during the termination of the study. B. Percent infection – (No. of plants showing foliage yellowing or wilting / Total No. of plants) x 100 starting 1 week after inoculation and weekly until most of the plants have died in any of the treatments. C. Visual Disease Severity Rating – This was gathered using a devised scale below: We gathered this data at 1 week interval until the termination of the study. Rating| Description| 0| No wilting| 1| Slight yellowing of lower leaves| 2| Yellowing of most leaves but no dried leaves yet| 3| Extensive yellowing and moderate wilting| 4| Extensive wilting but plant still alive| | Plant totally dead| D. Percent Area of Vascular Discoloration – This was taken during the termination of the study wherein all the plants were uprooted and the pseudostems were sliced longitudinally (Fig 5). Each plant was rated using the following scale (Borines et al. 2007) Rating | Description| 0-1| No discoloration| 1-2| Isolated points of vascular discoloration| 2. 1-3| Discoloratio n up to 1/3 of vascular tissue| 3. 1-4| Discoloration between 1/3 – 2/3 of vascular tissue| 4. 1-5| Discoloration greater than 2/3 of vascular tissue| 5. -6| Total discoloration of vascular tissue| Fig. 5 Slicing of pseudostem longitudinally E. No. of surviving plants per replicate per treatment. (Gathered at the termination of the experiment. ) Data gathered were analyzed using simple CRD with three replications. Treatments were compared using Duncan’s Multiple Range Tests (DMRT). 9) Disposal of Inoculated Plants After the experiment, the inoculated plants were exposed to direct sunlight and burned when dried. RESULTS and DISCUSSION Table 1 shows the percent infected plants at 14, 21, and 28 days after inoculation. Based on the results, Boost produced significantly lower percentage infected plants compared to the control especially at 14 days after inoculation. At 21 and 28 days after inoculation, Boost still produced lower disease incidence although not statistically different from the control. Fomes, Boost and Nordox also showed lesser disease incidence values although not significantly different from the control. Table 1. Percent infected plants at 14, 21 and 28 days after inoculation Treatment| Percent Infected Plants| Days After Inoculation| 14 days| 21 days| 28 days| T0 (Control)| 73. 3 ab| 93. 33| 100| T1 (Fomes)| 66. 67 ab| 73. 33| 73. 33| T2 (Xoo)| 100. 00 a| 100. 00| 100| T3 (Aspirin)| 73. 33 ab| 100. 00| 100| T4 (Boost)| 26. 67 c| 60. 00| 80| T5 (Nordox)| 53. 33 bc| 66. 67| 83. 33| CV(%)| 26. 91| 26. 27| 21. 60| Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% DMRT. Another parameter used to measure the effect of the treatments was the mean disease severity rat ing per plant (Table 2). Based on this parameter, Boost, Nordox and Fomes have lower means of disease severity compared to the Control especially at 21 days after inoculation. Xoo and Acetyl Salicylic Acid on the other hand have significantly higher means compared to Water. Thus the two treatments have even triggered the increase in wilt disease severity ratings of the plants. Table 2. Mean wilt severity rating per plant as affected by the different treatments Treatment| Mean Disease Severity Rating| Days After Inoculation| 14 days| 21 days| 28 days| T0 (Control)| 0. 93 c| 2. 47 ab| 3. 13 ab| T1 (Fomes)| 0. 80 c| 1. 53 bc| 2. 27 b| T2 (Xoo)| 2. 87 a| 3. 45 a| 3. 92 ab| T3 (Aspirin. )| 2. 07 b| 3. 20 a| 4. 33 a| T4 (Boost)| 0. 40 c | 1. 27 c| 2. 3 b| T5 (Nordox)| 0. 73 c| 1. 07 c| 2. 47 b| CV (%)| 27. 6| 25. 7| 27. 6| Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% DMRT. The percent area of vascular discoloration per plant is shown in Table 3. This was gathered upon termination of the study. All plants were uprooted and the pseudostems were sliced longitudinally. This actually shows the internal manifestations of disease and effects of the treatments to the plants. Based on statistical analysis, Boost still consistently showed lesser percent area of vascular discoloration compared to Water (Fig. ) which further confirm its effectiveness in controlling the wilt disease complex. Fomes and Nordox also showed much lower percent area of vascular discoloration compared to control, Xoo and Aspirin. Table No. 3 Percent Area of Vascular Discoloration Treatment| Percent area of vascular discoloration| No. of Live Plants Remaining| T0 (Control)| 55. 27 ab| 3. 00 ab| T1 (Fomes)| 38. 47 b | 3. 33 ab| T2 (Xoo)| 79. 27 a| 2. 00 bc| T3 (Aspirin)| 80. 27 a| 1. 33 c| T4 (Boost)| 37. 67 b| 4. 00 a| T5 (Nordox)| 38. 47 ab| 3. 33 ab| CV (%)| 31. 37| 52. 18| Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% DMRT Fig. 6 Internal Vascular Discoloration of Plants (left-right) Control, Fomes, Xoo, Salicylic Acid, Boost, Nordox The number of live plants remaining was also gathered during the termination of the study and shown in Table 3. Boost, had the highest average number of remaining live plants followed by Fomes and Nordox. Aspirin had the lowest no. of live plants or highest mortality which was even higher than that of water (Fig. 8d, p. 24). The height of abaca plants is shown in Fig. 7. Based on the graph, the plants sprayed with Boost and Nordox have higher plant height compared to Conrol, Xoo, Fomes, and Aspirin. Among the parameters used to measure the effects of the different treatments, the mean disease severity rating on a per plant basis and mean percent area of vascular discoloration were able to differentiate more the effect of the different treatments and were considered more reliable compared to the rest of the parameters used. Fig. 7 Height of Abaca Plants at the start of the experiment, at 7, 14, 21 days and the final height before the termination of the study b c d ef Fig. 8. Group of abaca plants treated with a) water, b) Fomes, c) Xoo, d) Aspirin, e) Boost and f) Nordox. Boost is a commercially available elicitor of resistance in plants and it was found very effective in controlling the wilt disease complex in abaca. Boost, however is a little expensive, one spray cost P0. 65. Nordox is a commercial fungicide with bactericidal activity and it has als o reduced the wilt disease incidence and severity. This is a little cheaper (P0. 45) compared to Boost. A cost-effective control for the wilt disease complex was Fomes. It was able also to reduce disease incidence and severity. Although not as effective as Boost but, no cost has been incurred, except for the labor in gathering, drying and pulverizing. The use of Fomes as a biological elicitor of resistance in abaca to control wilt disease complex has been explored in this research. Most probably, being a fungus, the chitin in Fomes could be the elicitor of resistance. Kutchitsu et al (1993) reported that chitin induced resistance of plants. The active component of Fomes, that could elicit resistance in plants could be isolated in future research endeavor. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Boost (chemical elicitor) and Fomes (potential biological elicitor and Nordox (fungicide with bactericidal activity), were able to effectively control the fusarium wilt and bacterial wilt disease complex of abaca. Xoo and Aspirin were not able to control the disease but instead has aggravated the wilting of the plants. A follow-up study maybe conducted to re-evaluate the same elicitors for their effect on either fusarium wilt or bacterial wilt alone. Likewise, a study maybe conducted to further evaluate the potential of Fomes as biological elicitors of resistance to other diseases of abaca or to other plant diseases. Furthermore, several other indigenously occurring biological elicitors of resistance may be evaluated against the wilt diseases of abaca. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, we would like to extend our gratitude to all the people behind the success of this study. We would like to thank our adviser, Dr. Lucia Borines for sharing to us her knowledge, skills effort and even her time though with a hectic schedule. To Ms. Christine Advincula, Ms. Victoria Palermo and Ms. Robleyn Piamonte, thank you so much for patiently guiding and helping us everytime we need assistance especially when our adviser is on travel. Thank you also to Mr. George Valenzona, for the analysis of our data, and Mr. Marlon Tambis and Mr. Victor Calunangan for the computer assistance. In addition, our heartfelt thanks is extended to our loving parents who supported us in our financial needs and for enlightening our faith that we could be able to finish this research on time. No words indeed can express how much we owe you this success. REFERENCES 1) BASTASA, G. N. and A. A. BALIAD. 2005. 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