Introduction to Indian Customs Duty Essay Example

Introduction to Indian Customs Duty Essay Custom Duty  is imposed under the  Indian Customs Act formulated in 1962  by the Constitution of India under the Article 265, which states that â€Å"no tax shall be levied or collected except by authority of law. So, theIndian Custom  Act was  introduced  that allow the Central Government to collect the taxes under the name of Custom Duty. Custom Duties are usually levied with ad valorem rates and their base is  determined  by the domestic value the  imported goods  calculated at the official  exchange rate. Similarly, export duties are imposed on export values expressed in domestic  currency.Export duties are levied occasionally to clear up excess profitability in  international price  of goods in respect of which domestic  prices  may be low at given time. But the  concept  of import duty is wide and almost universal, except for a few goods like food grains, fertilizer, life saving drugs and equipment etc. The Indian Customs Duties are major so urce of revenue for the Union Government and constitute around 30% of its   tax revenues. Together with  Central Excise duties, the contribution amount to nearly three-fourth of total tax revenue of the Union Government.Custom duty not only raises money for the Central Government but also helps the government to prevent the illegal  imports  and illegal  exports  of goods from India. The Central government has emergency powers toincrease  import or export duties whenever necessary after a  notification  in the session of Parliament. History of Indian Customs The Custom Duty in its present form dates back to 1786, when Bruisers formed the first Revenue Board in Calcutta. In 1808, a new  Trade Board  was introduced for  export and import of goods from India.Once again, in 1859 Customs Duties Act was introduced in which provincial import duties were replaced by uniform Tariff Act and was  applicable  to all Indian territories within the country. In the subse quent year several changes in the Custom Policy took places and are as follow: * Sea Customs Act was passed by Government in 1878. * Indian Tariff Act was passed in 1894. * Air Customs having been covered under the India Aircrafts Act of 1911, * Land Customs Act was passed in 1924. After Independence, the Sea Customs Act and other allied enactments were epealed by a consolidating and amending legislation entitled the  Customs Act, 1962  (CA). Similarly the Act of 1934 was repealed by theCustoms Tariff Act, 1975(CTA). Governing Body As per Section12 of the India Customs Act,  Custom Duty  is imposed on Goods, belonging to Government as well as goods not belonging to Government. Section 2(22), gives inclusive definition of ‘goods as Goods includes: Goods As per  Section12  of the India Customs Act, Custom Duty is imposed on Goods, belonging to Government as well as goods not belonging to Government.Section 2(22), gives inclusive definition of ‘goods as Goods includes: * Vessels, aircrafts and vehicles * Stores * Baggage * Currency and negotiable instruments and * Any other kind of movable property. Objectives of Custom Duties The customs duty is levied, primarily, for the following purpose: * Restricting Imports for conserving foreign exchange. * Protecting Indian Industry from undue competition. * Prohibiting imports and exports of goods for achieving the policy objectives of the Government. Regulating export. * Co-coordinating legal provisions with other laws dealing with foreign exchange such as  Foreign Trade Act,Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, Conservation of  Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Act,etc. Mode of Levy of Customs Duty Basically there are three modes of imposing Customs Duty: 1. Specific Duties:   Specific custom duty is a duty imposed on each and every  unit  of a commodity imported or exported. For example, Rs. 5 on each meter of cloth imported or Rs. 500 on each T.V. set imported. In this case, the value of commodity is not taken into consideration. 2. Advalorem Duties:  Advalorem custom duty is a duty imposed on the total value of a commodity imported or exported. For example, 5% of F. O. B. value of cloth imported or 10% of C. LF. value of T. V. sets imported. In case of Advalorem custom duty, the physical  units  of commodity are not taken into consideration. 3. Compound Duties:   Compound custom duty is the combination of specific and advalorem custom duties.In this case, the quantities as well as the value of the commodity are taken into consideration while computing tariff. For example, 5% of F. O. B. value plus, 50 paisa per meter of cloth imported. Decline in Customs Duty India’s  customs tariff rates  have been declining since 1991. The â€Å"peak† rate has come down from 150% in 1991-2 to 40% in 1997-98. The downward momentum was reversed the next year with the imposition of a surcharge. This momentum has resumed with the reduction of th e â€Å"peak† rate to 35% in 2001-2 and 30% in 2002-3

The Function of Prefixes in English Grammar

The Function of Prefixes in English Grammar In English grammar and morphology, a prefix is a letter or group of letters attached to the beginning of a word that partly indicates its meaning, including examples such as anti- to mean against, co- to mean with, mis- to mean wrong or bad, and trans- to mean across. The most common prefixes in English are those that express negation,  like a- in the word asexual, in- in the word incapable, and un- in the word unhappy - these negations immediately alter the meaning of the words the are added to, but some prefixes merely change the form. Interestingly enough, the word prefix itself contains the prefix pre-, which means before, and the  root word  fix, which means to fasten or place; thus the word itself means to place before. Letter groups attached to the ends of words, conversely, are called suffixes, while both belong to the larger group of morphemes known as affixes.   Prefixes are  bound  morphemes, which means they cant stand alone. Generally, if a group of letters is a prefix, it cant also be a word. However, prefixation, or the process of adding a prefix to a word, is a common way of forming new words in English. General Rules and Exceptions Although there are several  common  prefixes in English, not all usage rules apply universally, at least in terms of definition. For instance, the prefix sub- can either mean something below the root word or that the root word is below something. James J. Hurford argues in Grammer: A Students Guide that there are many words in English which look as if they begin with a familiar prefix, but in which it is not clear what meaning to attach either to the prefix or to the remainder of the word, in order to arrive at the meaning of the whole word. Essentially, this means that sweeping rules about prefixes like ex- in exercise and excommunicate cannot be applied. However, there are still some general rules that do apply to all prefixes, namely that they are typically set as part of the new word, with hyphens only appearing in the case of the base word starting with a capital letter or the same vowel that the prefix ends with. In The Cambridge Guide to English Usage by Pam Peters, though, the author does posit that in well-established cases of this type, the hyphen becomes optional, as with cooperate. Nano-, Dis-, Mis- and Other Oddities Technology especially utilizes prefixes as our technological and computer worlds get smaller and smaller. Alex Boese notes in the 2008 Smithsonian article Electrocybertronics, that lately the prefix trend has been shrinking; during the 1980s, mini- gave way to micro-, which yielded to nano and that these units of measurement have since transcended their original meaning. In a similar way, the prefixes dis- and mis- have come to slightly transcend their original intent. Still, James Kilpatrick claims in his 2007 article To dis, or Not to dis, that there are 152 dis- words and 161 mis- words in contemporary lexicography. However, many of these are never spoken like the word misact, which starts the mis- list, as he calls it. The prefix pre- also has a bit of confusion in modern vernacular. George Carlin famously jokes about the everyday occurrence at the airport called pre-boarding. According to the standard definition of the prefix, preboarding should mean  before boarding, but as Carlin puts it What does it mean to pre-board? Do you get on [a plane] before you get on?

Strategic Purpose and Industry Analysis in Tesco Company Essay

Strategic Purpose and Industry Analysis in Tesco Company - Essay Example After the recession of 2008, the revenue of this industry grew every year. This industry of UK helped many small and big retailers to solve their problems. One of the big players of UK supermarket industry is Tesco. It is a multinational company having it's headquartered in Cheshunt of UK. In1919 Tesco was founded by Jack Cohen. It opened its first store in 1929 and from that time the firm expanded its business rapidly. In the UK Tesco has 28% of market share in the supermarket industry. Tesco is experiencing success for a long time. The company has a strong focus on its business and strategies. The vision of the company is to remain constant but changing its business practices and strategies according to the changing world. The firm has major seven types of business strategies which help it to achieve its success. Its vision includes becoming the most valuable business by serving customers and communities with the help of committed and loyal staff and shareholders (Tesco Inc, 2014). It vision also describes that Tesco wants to expand all around the world by using all the opportunities. It believes in the innovation of modern ideas. The mission of Tesco is to become a full formed maintenance company from AMSS Company. The firm’s mission aims to be a wide ranged company providing tubular service. It has a mission of selling mechanized product along with different other products. The values of Tesco contribute a lot to its success and to hold its position in the competitive market. Its business value is to look after the benefit of the customers and treat every one of them equally. The company’s value is involved in every level of its business. Its values let the employees of Tesco know what type of business the company is into and helps its customers to build their expectations.   The strategies of Tesco help in utilizing the resources of the company and achieving its goal. Its short term  and long term growth are based on the company’s strategies (IBISWorld, 2014). Tesco’s strategy involves in building the company as a highly valued brand. For this propose the company develops its own label brands.

New Jersey Health Care Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

New Jersey Health Care - Assignment Example New Jersey has a mandatory overtime law for a number of reasons. According to the State of New Jersey (n.d), Workers in a health institution are not allowed to work overtime so that they can protect and maintain their physical conditions in regard to fitness, competence, their overall welfare, and also ensure that they maintain the health and safety of their clients. An example of an unforeseeable emergent circumstance whereby a nurse may be required to work overtime is an accident such as a terrorist attack. In such a case, a health institution may have more patients reporting with serious injuries than the staff can handle. A hospital nurse in New Jersey can agree or opt to work for more than the agreed hours per week if she wants to. A nurse is at liberty to choose. In emergency cases, the management should give a nurse utmost one hour to organize or plan the care of dependants such as an infant or an elderly individual (State of New Jersey, n.d). In my opinion, this is a moral obligation for the health institution since a nurse is more likely to be motivated by her duties when she contends that her family dependants are well taken care of. Having an alternative to discipline program for impaired nurses is of significance as such may affect the manners of the conduct of a nurse as well as her decision making. The law does not allow discrimination of any individual on the basis of his/her physical and mental impairment. Such an alternative discipline program ensures that the needs of the impaired are considered in disciplinary actions. Under the NJ violence prevention in health care facilities act, all health institutions are ought to institute plans of action geared towards deterrence of aggression and also institute an aggression deterrence team (Isele, 2008).

How Do Environmental Factors Impact Managers and Leaders of Essay

How Do Environmental Factors Impact Managers and Leaders of Organizations - Essay Example The paper tells that an organization’s internal environment is of great importance, and lays out such strategic plans that guarantee that all internal factors are working properly and in nice coordination. The internal environment is defined as â€Å"the conditions, entities, events, and factors within an organization that influences its activities and choices, particularly the behavior of the employees†. The internal environment is defined as â€Å"the conditions, entities, events, and factors within an organization that influences its activities and choices, particularly the behavior of the employees†. Internal factors mainly include the mission statement, leadership, the organizational culture comprising of employees and management, and resources. These internal factors have a direct influence on managers and organizational leaders and will continue to influence in future because they have to make strategic decisions that satisfy all these factors. For example , managers and leaders must make sure that their employees are working in harmony with each other with fewest possible organizational conflicts. Research suggests that the major causes of workplace conflicts are stress, reduced budget, short deadlines and heavy workload. Whatever the cause, it is necessary for the managers and leaders of the organization to deal with the conflicts efficiently to improve teamwork and productivity. This will be more important in future because of the increasing competitiveness in the market. The external environment of an organization consists of all those elements in the remote, industrial and external operating environment that impact upon the design of its strategic plans and define its competitive position in the market.

Effects On Children Of Alcohol Dependent Parents Social Work Essay

Effects On Children Of Alcohol Dependent Parents Social Work Essay Whenever a question arises, like what are the effects on children of alcohol dependent parents, we all have the option to put forward a few answers and to set this topic aside. Alcoholism is also known as a family disease. Alcoholics may have young, teenage, or grown-up children; they have wives or husbands; they have brothers or sisters; they have parents or other relatives. An alcoholic can totally disrupt family life and cause harmful effects that can last a lifetime (Tetyana Parsons, 2003). Life is something what we have to pass over moral values and good living examples to the next generations. Since we all belong to family, we can never ignore the relevance of family life, and in family children are supposed to get the primary consideration and caring. But in an alcoholics family, the most affected group will be their children. Parents who abuse alcohol could cause a negative impact on their childrens lives. Feelings of anger and neglect can follow a child throughout adulthood and have a detrimental effect on his relationships with others (Bogle, D. 2010). Dustin Bogle, an experienced fitness instructor, nutritionist and fitness article writer, gives some major problems that occur to alcoholics children. Aggressive behavior is one of the first characteristics that a child might develop from having a parent who abuses alcohol. The aggressive behavior of children may lead to academic failure and serious social problems. As the second one, he mentions warning signs. Children may show warning signs of having an alcoholic parent. They may act out in anger with other children, or might find them lying about things. When scolded, children may become scared of their parents finding out, or they may be causing trouble because they want that extra attention that they are not receiving at home. The environment that the children are placed in is often unpredictable and chaotic. This is the third point he puts forward. The oldest child in the group is taking care of the other children while the parenting skills are lacking. Other children may become trouble-makers, and some resort to isolation, often becoming shy and unresponsive to other children. The last observation of Dustin Bogle, probably a crucial one, is the cycle of addiction. It is a very common and dangerous occurrence, and lot many dilemmas are attached with this as well. Criminal acts, teen pregnancy and other mental and emotional issues may arise. The children may become institutionalized in either jail or a rehabilitation center. Children may also be taken out of their home if the alcohol abuse becomes really bad, or they could be put in foster care or end up living on the streets. Alcoholism is a widespread disease, and it has deep rooted health related issues and severe long lasting consequences. The funniest thing in regards with alcoholism is that still it is being considered as a medium of socialization. The behaviors of parents are the guidelines of their children, and it doesnt matter whether it is good or bad. Amber Keefer, a famous health related article writer who has more than 25 years of experience in the field, is presenting some very good information in this particular matter. Fear, low self-esteem, self-blame, injury/illness, financial effects, and changes in Family Structure are the effects that she suggests for a review. If we can have a deeper look in to each point, we can see that all these points are very relevant. Children of parents who abuse alcohol often live in fear, primarily because they are abused or neglected when a parent is under the influence of alcohol. They may witness domestic violence against the other parent, their siblings or even other adults living in the household. Children who are frightened for their own safety may suffer from anxiety, sleep disturbances and depression. Children often develop low self-esteem when one or both parents abuse alcohol. When parents are more preoccupied with alcohol abuse than their parental roles, a child may not get the sense of security he needs to develop healthy self-esteem. Children often blame themselves when a parent abuses alcohol. They think that it must somehow be their fault if a parent uses drugs or drinks too much alcohol, and that will result in the loss of their self-reliability. Children can suffer injuries or health problems as a result of a parents alcohol abuse. If a pregnant woman drinks alcohol, the baby can develop long-term health problems. The unsanitary and unsafe situation at home may lead to certain type of illness and injuries. A family with an alcohol abused parent will definitely have economic consequences, and that family will be forced to live a low income life. Such a situation may develop an inferiority complex in children. Separations and divorces may happen in such families and those incidents will create even more stress and confusion for children. A child who is being raised in a single parent house hold, may not get proper care or even unable to get better developmental opportunities. Patti Kelly a freelance writer and registered nurse with many years of experience in pediatrics, geriatrics, public health and preventive care have made some serious observations on this topic. She is describing the effects under certain specific classifications; they are: psychological, educational, economical, social and developmental. Denial, anger, shame, anxiety, hopelessness, self-neglect, shame and isolation are a few of the psychological consequences noted in children of alcohol abused parents, and a sense of security and positive outlook are difficult to establish for such children. Children of alcohol abused parents are at an increased risk of learning disabilities, poor school attendance, and they are also more likely to be expelled, be institutionalized or drop out of school. An alcohol abused person is always in a risk of being either unemployed or under-employed and lack of income results in an overall decrease in the familys standard of living and can lead to difficulty meeting basic needs. The children of an alcoholic may be ashamed to go out in public, and such shame and fear may also prevent them from having friends over. Trust and security are being considered as the promoting agents of promote healthy development and a family with alcohol abused parent can never provide such a situation at their home. Physical and sexual abuses are also more common when there is a parent who abuses alcohol, and these factors, may negatively impact a childs normal development, making children more prone to suicide, anxiety, eating disorders and depression. As a part of this research, it is very important to note about the treatment side of the alcoholism. As I mentioned earlier, alcoholism is a disease which requires specific treatment, even though there is no medical treatment for that. But alcoholism is a treatable disease and many treatment programs and approaches are available to support alcoholics. Motivation is the major portion in treatment of alcoholics, and other important step is the self-decision. We can categorize the treatment in different steps, they are, commit to stop drinking, set goals and prepare for change, withdrawing from alcohol, find new meaning in life, plan for triggers and cravings, get support and getting started on treatment. Although it is not that easy to achieve, a powerful will and support from others, the goal is so close. The importance of this research is that what the role of a teacher in this issue is. Since the group I have taken into consideration here are children, and only because of that without any doubt I can say that a teacher can do wonders in this particular issue. Motivation is the better medicine for this and a teacher can do it very easily. Normally, almost all the parents are too much concerned about their children, and a teacher will get lots of opportunities to have detailed observation and discussion with parents. A teacher can include the topic alcoholism in their monthly meetings, and they can conduct one on one meeting with parents in which they can collect details of their family. The moral support for the children is the greatest part in this, and the teacher is the best ever person who can provide that. All the above finding and studies are giving us a clear picture of the consequences that could happen to the children of alcohol abused parents. If we can have quick look, we can see that the alcoholic abuse of parents has strong influence in their childrens future. Psychological, educational, economical, social and developmental issues can be counted as the major problems of the children of alcohol abusing of parents. Even though there is no medication, treatment of alcoholics is very important. Since a teacher has an influential role in a childs life, a teacher is supposed to pay more attention in giving moral support to children. For me, preparation of this research paper was an exciting experience. I am sure that the pieces of information that I shared here is just like a drop of water from an ocean. Although I had a chance to do a survey in this subject before, I was quite ignorant about its consequences fully. Most of the information that I gained through this research is really worthy. If we can do a little bit more deep research, definitely there are a lot more issues that we can find. The importance of peer groups and communities in the treatment of an alcoholic is a relevant question that I would like to rise. As the alcoholism is a social disaster, what are the steps that could be taken by the official authorities, in order to have control on this, is the question that I would like to ask. As an ECE student what I can offer is my moral support to the children those who are having this issue, and my effort to educate the society in regards with this dangerous problem.

Homeless Citizens? Essay -- essays research papers

Homeless citizens are often considered a burden, more over, society’s burden. The down-and-out seem, to the average citizen, to be habitually on drugs, or prone to violent behaviour. Should it not be our responsibility to help those who can not help themselves? That is just it, some of the impoverished are living under such appalling conditions that they can not pick themselves up onto their own strength. I have a few questions that I would like the average person to think about regarding the homeless: Why are they on the streets? What can they do about it? Is this society’s dilemma and should society lend a selfless helping hand to clean up the streets? These are just a few questions that I will attempt to give my opinion on and if one does not agree that they may, without prejudice, hear what I have to say. I hope that one would honestly take to heart the value of a human life. People all have a living, breathing soul in need of some sort of ‘fire’ in or der to kick-start their life back together. A man without a home is lost. To wander the streets with no hope is possibly one of the loneliest situations to be in. There are many reasons why a man is homeless. I was chatting with a homeless man once, he told me one of the main reasons he was on the street was due to cocaine use. He lost his family, job and everything he owned due to cocaine. The man did not go into detail about how he became addicted to the drug, or how long he had been on the streets, but just listening to this poor soul talk was depressing. According to him, he hated cocaine, but he could not kick the habit. Selling everything for the next hit is horrible. He never told me his name, but I could see in his eyes a lack of will to live. In his mind, life from that point in time was hopeless. That brief conversation was a totally spontaneous occurrence of a man trying to get some change; I lied and said that I did not have change on me. I could not trust him, I did not want him to use the money for cocaine. That is one reason why this human being and many others are living poorly. The poverty rate is extremely high in the United States: In 2000, 11.3% of the U.S. population, or 31.1 million people, lived in poverty (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2001). While the number of poor people has ... ...ty's homeless families. "We have to recognize the costs and failings of our own best intentions," Bloomberg said. "This morning, some 38,000 people -- including 16,000 children -- woke up in city shelters." Bloomberg pledged to reduce the homeless population by two-thirds, and to plow savings back into housing programs. He has earmarked $12 million to seed these programs, but his aides acknowledge the eventual cost will run into tens of millions of dollars. (Powell) This city has the right idea, and even though we ourselves as one person can not do anything of this magnitude, we can always request and support the city when opportunities like this arise. Aside from these large scale efforts, all we have to do is lend a smile or a small helping hand. Our communities would be safer and more pleasant to be in, if only we took the effort to lend a helping hand. If a normal man was in the ratty old shoes of a poor man for just a day, he would expect no less.